He whenua hanga nui a Haina, inā koa nā te ngaru o te whanaketanga ōhanga ā-motu i akiaki, ā, kua tino pai ngā hua o ngā ahumahi hanga o Haina. I roto i te umanga mīhini,ngā taputapuKo ngā wāhanga taketake tino nui, tino kore e taea te whakarerekē, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā momo mara o te ōhanga ā-motu. Nā te whanaketanga kaha o te umanga hangahanga o Haina i akiaki te tere o te ahunga whakamua o te umanga taputapu.

I tēnei wā, ko te auahatanga motuhake te kaupapa matua o tetaputapu te umanga, ā, kua tīmata anō hoki te wā whakarerekētanga. I ēnei rā, kua noho te hanga atamai hei kaupapa here hou e whakatairangahia ana e te kāwanatanga. He āhuatanga o te umanga taputapu te paerewa me ngā puranga nui, ā, he māmā ake te whakatinana i te huringa ki te huarahi mohio. Ka taea te kī ko te raru nui o ngā umanga hanga taputapu o nāianei ko te hiahia nui ki te huri i te aratau whakaputa me te whakapai ake i te taumata o te aunoatanga wheketere.

Tuatahi, te āhua whanaketanga o te umanga taputapu o Haina

Ko te umanga taputapu te umanga taketake o te umanga hanga taputapu o Haina. He hononga ahumahi teitei, he kaha te whakauru mai o ngā kaimahi, ā, he nui te pūtea hangarau. He taurangi nui tēnei mō te umanga hanga taputapu kia eke ki te whakapai ake i te ahumahi me te ahunga whakamua hangarau.

I muri i te 30 tau o te whanaketanga, ka puta ko Hainataputapu Kua tino whakaurua te umanga ki roto i te pūnaha tautoko o te ao, ā, kua hangaia te pūnaha ahumahi tino oti o te ao. Kua kitea e ia te panonitanga mai i te iti ki te waenga, ā, ko te pūnaha hangarau taputapu me te pūnaha paerewa hangarau taputapu te mea nui. Ko ngā umanga motopaika, motuka, hau me ngā mīhini hanga te kaha akiaki mō te whanaketanga o te umanga taputapu o tōku whenua. Nā ēnei umanga e pā ana, e whakaatu ana te tauine moni whiwhi o te umanga taputapu i te tere tipu, ā, kei te haere tonu te whānui o te tauine o te umanga taputapu. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga i te tau 2016, ko te uara putanga mākete o te umanga taputapu o tōku whenua he tata ki te 230 piriona yuan, ko te tuatahi o te ao. I te tau 2017, ko te uara putanga o ngā hua taputapu i eke ki te 236 piriona yuan, he pikinga tau-ki-te-tau o te 7.02%, e 61% o te uara putanga katoa o ngā wāhanga mīhini whānui.

E ai ki te whakamahinga hua, ka taea te wehewehe i te umanga taputapu ki ngā wāhanga e toru: ngā taputapu waka, ngā taputapu ahumahi me ngā taputapu motuhake-taputapu; ko ngā tono hua taputapu waka ko ngā momo motuka, motopaika, mīhini hanga, mīhini ahuwhenua me ngā waka hōia, me ētahi atu; ko ngā tono hua taputapu ahumahi, ko ngā mara o ngā taputapu ahumahi ko te moana, te keri, te whakarewa, te rererangi, te hiko, me ētahi atu, ko ngā taputapu taputapu motuhake ko ngā taputapu hanga taputapu pēnei i ngā taputapu mīhini motuhake mō ngā taputapu, ngā taputapu tapahi me ētahi atu.

I roto i te mākete taputapu nui o Haina, ko te wahanga mākete o ngā taputapu waka e eke ana ki te 62%, ā, ko ngā taputapu ahumahi e 38%. I roto i ēnei, ko ngā taputapu motuka e 62% o ngā taputapu waka, arā, 38% o te mākete taputapu whānui, ā, ko ētahi atu taputapu waka e 24% o te mākete.

Mai i te tirohanga whakaputa, neke atu i te 5,000 ngā umanga hanga taputapu, neke atu i te 1,000 ngā umanga kei runga ake i te rahi kua tohua, me neke atu i te 300 ngā umanga matua. E ai ki te taumata o ngā hua taputapu, ko te ōwehenga o ngā hua teitei, waenga me te iti-mutunga he tata ki te 35%, 35% me te 30%;

Mō te tautoko kaupapa here, kua tukuna ngā "Whakatakotoranga Mahere Whakawhanake Pūtaiao me te Hangarau mō te Wā Waenga me te Wā Roa (2006-2020)", "Mahere mō te Whakatikatika me te Whakaora i te Ahumahi Hanga Taputapu", "Mahere Tau Rima Tekau mā Rua mō ngā Wāhanga Taketake Mīhini, Hangarau Hanga Taketake me te Ahumahi Rauemi Taketake" "Mahere Whakawhanake" me "Aratohu mō te Whakatinanatanga o ngā Kaupapa Tūāpapa Kaha Ahumahi (2016-2020)", ā, he nui te mahi a ēnei ki te whakatairanga i te hangarau taputapu me te rangahau me te whanaketanga hua me tō rātou ahumahi.

Mai i te tirohanga a te kaihoko, ko te nuinga o ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā momo motuka, motopaika, waka ahuwhenua, taputapu whakaputa hiko, taputapu rauemi hanga whakarewa, mīhini hanga, kaipuke, taputapu kawe tereina me ngā karetao. Me nui ake te tika, te pono, te pai o te tuku me te roa o te ora o ēnei taputapu mō ngā taputapu me ngā waeine taputapu. Mai i te tirohanga o te uara o ngā taputapu (tae atu ki ngā taputapu taputapu), neke atu i te 60% o ngā taputapu waka, ā, iti iho i te 40% o ētahi atu taputapu. I te tau 2017, i hangaia, i hokona hoki e ngā kaihanga motuka te 29 miriona waka, he taputapu ā-ringa, he taputapu aunoa, he toki taraiwa me ētahi atu hua taputapu, tata ki te 140 piriona yuan te uara. I te tau 2017, 126.61GW o te kaha whakaputa hiko hou i tāpirihia puta noa i te motu. I roto i ēnei, ko te 45.1GW o te kaha whakauru hiko wera, 9.13GW o te kaha whakauru hiko wai, 16.23GW o te kaha hau hono-pūnaha, 53.99GW o te kaha whakauru hiko rā hono-pūnaha, me te 2.16GW o te kaha whakauru hiko karihi i tāpirihia houtia. Kei roto i ēnei taputapu whakaputa hiko ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā pouaka hiko whakanui tere me ngā taputapu whakaiti e piriona yuan.

I ngā tau tata nei, nā te tautoko a ngā kaupapa here me ngā pūtea, kua tino whakarei ake te kaha auaha o te umanga. Kua whakatūhia e ētahi umanga matua o te umanga he tūāpapa R&D auaha pēnei i ngā pokapū hangarau umanga ā-motu, ngā teihana mahi pou-tohutohu umanga, ngā teihana mahi tohunga, me ngā whare rangahau umanga, hei whakatakoto i te turanga mō te whanaketanga auaha. He teitei te maha o ngā patene whai mana, he kounga teitei hoki, inā koa kua tino piki ake te maha o ngā patene hanga hou. Kua puta ngā whanaketanga nui i roto i ngā whakatutukitanga pūtaiao me te hangarau, ā, kua eke te hangarau hanga o ngā hua taputapu teitei pēnei i ngā whata niho-mārō nui, ngā pouaka miihini aorangi taumaha-rahi, me ngā tuku aunoa 8AT mō te ararewa kaipuke o Three Gorges ki te taumata matatau o te ao. Ka arotahi ngā umanga rerekē ki ngā mara tono rerekē i runga i ō rātou ake āhuatanga me ngā painga. He iti noa te wāhanga o te mākete whānui e nohoia ana e te umanga kotahi, ā, he iti te kukū o te mākete taputapu ā-rohe.

2. Te ia whanaketanga ā muri ake nei o te umanga taputapu

Ko te hiko, te ngāwari, te mohio me te mama ngā ia whanaketanga o ngā hua o te heke mai, he wero, he whai wāhitanga hoki ēnei mō ngā kamupene taputapu tuku iho.

Te Whakamahinga Hiko: Ko te whakamahinga hiko o te hiko he wero ki te tuku taputapu tuku iho. Ko te raruraru e pā mai ana: i tetahi taha, ka whakahoutia te tuku taputapu tuku iho ki tētahi hanganga māmā ake, māmā ake hoki, he tere teitei, he iti te haruru, he pai te mahi, he tino tika, he roa te ora. I tetahi atu taha, ka tūtaki ki te hurihanga o te taraiwa hiko tika me te kore he tuku taputapu. Nō reira, kaua e ako noa ngā kamupene tuku taputapu tuku iho me pēhea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te whakamahinga hiko mō te whakahaere haruru o te tuku taputapu i ngā tere tino teitei (≥15000rpm), me hopu i ngā whai wāhitanga mō te tipu o ngā tuku hou i puta mai i te tipu tere o ngā waka hiko o nāianei, engari me aro nui hoki ki te heke mai. Ko te riri hurihuri o te hangarau taraiwa hiko tika kore taputapu me te hangarau tuku hikohiko ki te ahumahi tuku taputapu me te taputapu tuku iho.

Ngāwari: I ngā rā kei te heke mai, ka nui haere te whakahihiri o te whakataetae mākete, ā, ka rerekē, ka whaiaro hoki te tono mō ngā hua, engari kāore pea te tono mō te hua kotahi e tino nui. Hei ahumahi taketake i roto i te ahumahi hanga, me aro atu te ahumahi taputapu ki ngā mara maha o raro. Ko te kanorau me te whai huatanga o te hanga hua ka nui ake ngā whakaritenga. Nō reira, me whakatū e ngā umanga he pūnaha whakaputa ngāwari hei whakaoti i ngā mahi whakaputa puranga o ngā momo rerekē mā te whakarerekētanga taputapu i runga i te raina whakaputa kotahi, e kore e tutuki noa i ngā whakaritenga kanorau o ngā momo maha, engari ka whakaitihia hoki te wā kore mahi o te raina huihuinga taputapu, ā, ka tutuki te whakaputa ngāwari. Hei hanga i te whakataetae matua o ngā umanga.

Te Mātauranga: Mā te whakamahinga whānui o te hangarau whakahaere i runga i ngā mīhini ka aunoa te mīhini; mā te whakamahinga whānui o te hangarau whakahaere, te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me te hangarau whatunga ka mātau ngā mīhini me te hanga. Mō ngā umanga hanga taputapu tuku iho, ko te wero me pēhea te mātau i te hangarau hiko, te hangarau hiko, te hangarau whakahaere, te hangarau whatunga me te whakaurunga.

Māmā: Ko ngā rauemi māmā me te kaha teitei, te whakaiti i te taumaha hanganga me te whakarerekētanga me te whakapakari i te mata me mahi tahi puta noa i te ahumahi me te hangarau whakatauira matatau.